Film and Video
Conversion Approaches
In converting the film frame rate of 24 per-second to video's 30 frame per-second rate there is a slight math problem: there is no quick and easy way to convert 24 into 30. 
The solution that has been worked out is illustrated here. Every second film frame that's scanned consists of an extra video field. (Recall that a video frame which is formed in 1/30th second consists of two fields, each scanned at 1/60th second.) In other words, four film frames are converted into five TV frames by double-scanning a field every-other film frame. This conversion process is referred to as the NTSC 3/2 pulldown because of the three-field, two-field sequence required to convert the 24 fps film rate to 30 fps for video. This high-speed "double-take" also creates a one of the artifacts that appears to be almost subliminally associated with film on TV.
Video Standards Conversion
The presence of different broadcast TV standards means that the exchange of international programming is made more difficult. Videotapes made in the U.S. cannot be played in England, for example, without going through electronic standards conversion. This used to be a major problem. But with today's digital technology the process of converting from one international video standard to another is rather simple (assuming you can afford the cost of professional equipment needed).  Video standards conversion is not unlike the NTSC 3/2 pulldown used for film conversion. It's based on changing the 60-fields per second (NTSC system) to the 50 fields per second (PAL and SECAM systems) and vise-versa. As shown at the right, the solution is either to repeat or skip fields at regular intervals. Today, there are multi-standard TV sets and VCRs available that switch from one standard to another. | 
